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Landslides & Slope Instability


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Subsidence & Collapse Hazard


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Seismic Hazard


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Flood Hazard


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Tsunami Hazard


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Volcanic Hazard


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Gas Hazard


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Fault Reactivation Hazard


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Fault Reactivation: Photo Gallery

IndexDiagnostic Characteristics | Geographic Occurrence | Investigation & Mitigation | Key Contacts & Expert Advice | Photo Gallery | Essential References & Further Reading

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Air Photograph to demonstrate how the reactivation of the Tableland fault and associated network of complex fissures can influence the geomorphology of entire moorland slopes.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: The Tableland and Aber fault scarps and associated fissures on moorland plateaux in South Wales, reach 4m high and 3-4km long.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: The Tableland fault influences surface and groundwater flow and having a distinct affect on the landscape.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Uphill facing fault scarp above the crest of Troedrhiwfuwch landslide, west side of the Rhymney Valley.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: A typical South Wales reactivated fault scarp (the Tableland Fault), 3-4 m high and 4 km long, an uphill facing scarp on moorland plateaux beyond the crown of the Darren Goch Landslide in the Garw Valley. This may have been exacerbated by mining subsidence. Where the scarps pass close to valley sides they may induce first time slope failures. Movement on faults may reactivate existing landslides, cause first time failure of slopes and displace stream valleys, Tableland fault, South Wales.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: The 3-4m high and 4km long Tableland Fault scarp, which has influenced the Darren Goch landslide and displaced stream valleys, South Wales.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: The Tableland fault scarp and the deep-seated, slump-earthflow, Darren Goch landslide; note how the scarp has displaced the post-glacial stream channels.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: A typical South Wales fault scarp representing several phases of reactivation, probably initiated by valley deglaciation and exacerbated by mining subsidence. These form distinct, extensive topographic features which may reach at least 4m high and 3-4km long. These influence surface drainage and groundwater flow and landsliding (including first time failures and reactivation of existing landslides).

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Ground fissure on moorland plateau above the Darren Goch landslide.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Nelson-Dowlais, 1.2m diameter, VHP (very high pressure) gas main, exposed in a trench for monitoring, where it crosses the Gelligaer fault. The reactivation of the fault caused damage to road surfaces and was accompanied by severe compressive strains. Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Gelligaer fault during mining subsidence causing the generation of a fault scarp across the road surface. Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Severe ground compression associated with the reactivation of the Gelligaer Fault casing buckling and compression of kerbstones. Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: The distinct, 1m high, 3-4km long, Dowlais fault scarp. Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Multiple sets, graben and scarps in the vicinity of the Darren Ddu landslide. A complex, deep-seated rotational slump-earthflow with rock falls (upper). The scarps exceed 4m high and 4km long (lower). Distinct, narrow, steep-sided ground fissures on moorland plateaux above the Darren Goch and Darren Ddu landslides

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Dilated fissures in close proximity to the Darren Ddu landslide.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Widened fissures, cambered, rotated and detached blocks of Pennant Measures sandstone caprock along the valley crests adjacent to the Darren Ddu landslide.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Early stages of the reactivation of the Newcastle Fault, Staffordshire, in 1994, causing cracking to a road surface in the vicinity of a private house.

Location: Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Compression to a 5.0 m high retaining wall, caused by fault reactivation and subsidence, Eastwood Hall, Nottinghamshire, UK.

Location: Eastwood Hall, Nottinghamshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Barlaston church, Staffordshire, UK, was severely damaged by mining induced fault reactivation. The church was partially rebuilt, the tilted and damaged tower and the historical Wedgwood family graves stones repaired.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Tension to terraced houses in Nottinghamshire caused by fault reactivation.

Location: Nottinghamshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Damage to houses caused by the mining-induced reactivation of the Hopton Fault, Oulton, Staffordshire, UK.

Location: Oulton, Staffordshire.

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Lateral shear of kerbstones, with no observable vertical displacement, in the early 1990s, during the reactivation of the Hollybush (Millbank) Fault, Silverdale. Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to Nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: Silverdale

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Road repairs in Barlaston village, West Midlands (Longton Road) caused by the generation of a ramp (fault scarp) during the reactivation of a fault.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Repairs to Wedgwood Drive, Barlaston, Staffordshire, UK, caused by the reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault. This generated a scarp at least 1.0 m high and 1.5 km long, during multiple phases of reactivation from the 1960s to 1990s.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Damaged to repaired road surface, Wedgwood Drive, Barlaston, Staffordshire, UK, caused by the reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Severe damage to a house in Barlaston Staffordshire caused by fault reactivation and compression, the house was subsequently demolished and rebuilt.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault at Wedgwood gas main. This generated a scarp at least 1.0 m high and 1.5 km long, during multiple phases of reactivation from the 1960s to 1990s.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault at Wedgwood gas main. This generated a scarp at least 1.0 m high and 1.5 km long, during multiple phases of reactivation from the 1960s to 1990s.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault at Wedgwood gas main and the expulsion of groundwater plumes at the fault scarp.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Crowcrofts Fault at Wedgwood gas main and the expulsion of groundwater plumes at the fault scarp.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main. This was monitored for strain accumulations and ground deformation during the mining of a longwall panel from Taff Merthyr. This monitoring programme resulted in the reduction of mining and damage was limited to the generation of a small scarp and cracking of the road surface.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp. (A) Tilted lamp-post (note the string on the lamp post), 10.12.62.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp. (B). Tilting ground surface and slight tilt to house, 3.01.63.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp. (C) Ramp across road and compression of kerbstones, 29.01.63.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description:  Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp. (D). Repaired road surface, but continuation of fault movements, increase in height of the fault scarp and renewed compression (note original compressed kerbstones still in place), 7.03.63.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp.  (E) Further repairs to road surface and pavement, but renewed activity along fault and increase in tilt of lamp-post (note string) and house, 3.04.63.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp. (F) Compression of pavement flag-stones in the vicinity of the fault scarp.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Apedale Fault at a new housing estate, Knutton, Staffordshire, showing the evolution of a fault scarp.

Location: Knutton, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Kilkenny Fault, South Wales, UK causing severe damage (compression) and buckling to the Cardiff to Taff Merthyr railway tracks.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Kilkenny fault, in 1990, this generated a 1m high scarp, which caused damage to a railway bridge and severe compression of the Cardiff to Merthry railway line.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Kilkenny fault, in 1990, this generated a 1m high scarp, which caused damage to a railway bridge and severe compression of the Cardiff to Merthry railway line.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Kilkenny fault, in 1990, this generated a 1m high scarp, which caused damage to a railway bridge and severe compression of the Cardiff to Merthry railway line.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Fissuring of a road during Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: South Wales

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Lateral shear along the outcrop position of the Hollybush Fault, Staffordshire, UK. Note the 0.1 to 0.3 m of shear displacements to the kerbstones, paving slabs and the building’s wall. Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to Nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of a fault across the southbound carriageway of the M6 motorway, in 1996 at Keele Services, Staffordshire. Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to Nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: Keele Services, M6, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Inkersall Fault, Derbyshire, generating a graben, which caused widespread damage to two schools, houses, roads and walls in the late 1980s and 1990s. Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to Nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: Derbyshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Inkersall Fault, Derbyshire, generating a graben, which caused widespread damage to two schools, houses, roads and walls in the late 1980s and 1990s. Reactivation of the Rhos fault required the expose of the Dowlais to Nelson VHP (very high pressure) gas main.

Location: Derbyshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Severe compression of a cast-iron grid cover during the reactivation of a fault at Barlaston, Staffordshire in 1992.

Location: Barlaston, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Severe damage to a vicarage caused by fault reactivataion, Bednall, Staffoprdshire in 1994.

Location: Bednall, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Fissuring associated with the reactivation of a fault, Downes Bank, Staffordshire. This caused disruption to underground communications cables. The fault is exposed in a trench and the ground stabilised using a geotextile mesh and granular fill.

Location: Downes Bank, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Fissuring associated with the reactivation of a fault, Downes Bank, Staffordshire. This caused disruption to underground communications cables. The fault is exposed in a trench and the ground stabilised using a geotextile mesh and granular fill.

Location: Downes Bank, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Fissuring associated with the reactivation of a fault, Downes Bank, Staffordshire.

Location: Downes Bank, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Shear displacements along the Llanwonno fault, with no visible vertical ground movements along the fault (Note the lateral shear of the terraced houses and paving).

Location:

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 

 
Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Shear displacements along the Llanwonno fault, with no visible vertical ground movements along the fault (Note the lateral shear of the terraced houses and paving).

Location:

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

Subject: Fault Reactivation

Description: Reactivation of the Hopton Fault and the generation of a fault scarp 1 m high, Rough Close, Staffordshire.

Location: Rough Close, Staffordshire

Credit Line: © Dr Laurance J Donnelly, Not to be copied or used with our permission & acknowledgement.

 
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

 

IndexDiagnostic Characteristics | Geographic Occurrence | Investigation & Mitigation | Key Contacts & Expert Advice | Photo Gallery | Essential References & Further Reading


Engineering Group Working Party on Geological Hazards