Geological Society Bicentenary_logo_rev_135.jpg

Working Party Matters


Membership | Terms of Reference | Task Allocation | Intranet | Geohazard Communication | Links |

 

Landslides & Slope Instability


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Subsidence & Collapse Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Seismic Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Flood Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Tsunami Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Volcanic Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Gas Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

 

Fault Reactivation Hazard


Engineering Geologists | Planners & Developers | Finance & Insurance | Member of the Public

Fault Reactivation: Essential References & Further Reading

IndexDiagnostic Characteristics | Geographic Occurrence | Investigation & Mitigation | Key Contacts & Expert Advice | Photo Gallery | Essential References & Further Reading

| Essential References  | Further Reading | References @ Lyell Collection |

Fault Reactivation: Essential References

DONNELLY, L. J. 2006. A review of coal mining-induced fault reactivation in Great Britain. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 39, 5-50.

DONNELLY. L. J., CULSHAW, M. G., BELL, F. G. & TRAGHEIM, D. 2006. Ground deformation caused by fault reactivation in towns & cities. In: CULSHAW, M. G., REEVES, H., SPINK, T., JEFFERSON, I. (eds). Engineering Geology for Tomorrow’s Cities. 10th IAEG, International Congress, Nottingham, 6-10 September 2006, theme 4, paper 114, 1-15. The Geological Society of London.

DONNELLY, L.J. 2005. Fault reactivation in South Wales & the effects of on ground stability. In NICHOL, D., BASSSETT, M.G. & DEISLER, V.K (eds) The Urban Geology of Wales 2, 101-119. National Museum of Wales Geological Series no 24, Cardiff.

DONNELLY, L. J. 2000a. The Reactivation of Geological Faults during Mining Subsidence from 1859 to 2000 & beyond. IMM Conference 2000. The Legacy of Mineral Extraction. Transactions of the Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, September-December 2000, A179-A190.

DONNELLY, L. J. 2000b. Fault Reactivation Induced by Mining in the East Midlands. Mercian Geologist, 15 (1), 29-36.

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE K. J., & JERMY, C. A. 2000a. Fault Reactivation in the Vicinity of Landslides in the South Wales Coalfield. In: BROMHEAD, E., DIXON, N. & IBSEN, M. L. (eds). Landslides in research, theory & practice. ISSMGE & BGS 8th International Symposium on Landslides, 26-30 June, 2000, 481-486.

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE, K. J & SIDDLE, H. J. 2000b. Lateral Spreading of Moorland in South Wales. In SIDDLE, H. J., BROMHEAD, E. N. & BASSETT, M. G. (eds). Landslides & landslide management in South Wales. National Museum & Galleries of Wales, Geological Series No. 18, Cardiff, June 2000, 43-48.

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE, K. J & SIDDLE, H. J. 2002. Block movements in the Pennines & South Wales & their association with landslides. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 35, part 1, February 2002, 33-39.

DONNELLY, L. J. & REES J. 2001. Tectonic & Mining-induced Fault Reactivation around Barlaston on the Midlands Microcraton. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 34, Part 2, May 2001, 195-214.

Donnelly, L. J.  (pending). A review of international cases of fault reactivation during mining subsidence & fluid abstraction. The Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology.

Fault Reactivation:  Further Reading

AL-SAIGH, N. H. 1981. Mining Induced Seismicity of the North Staffordshire Coalfield. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Keele.

AL-SAIGH, N. H. & KUSZNIR, N. J. 1987. Some observations on the influence of faults in mining induced seismicity. Engineering Geology, 23, 277-289.

BARNETT, J.A. M. 1978. Forecasting patterns & scale of normal faulting in the Bilsthorpe-Ollerton area. In: forecasting normal faulting, National Coal Board publication, Geological Branch.

BARNETT, J. A. M., MORTIMER, J., RIPPON, J. H., WALSH, J. J. & WATTERSON, J. 1987. Displacement geometry in the volume containing a single normal fault. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 71, No. 8, 925-937.

BARNSLEY, G. B 1964. The stratigraphy & structure of the Cannock Chase Coalfield. Ph.D. thesis, University of London.

BELL, F. G. 1987. Ground engineer's reference handbook. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.

BELL, F. G. CRIPPS, J. C., CULSHAW, M. G. & LOVELL, M. A. 1988. A review of ground movements due to civil & mining engineering operations. In: Engineering Geology of Underground Movements. Geological Society Special Publication, No.5, 3-32.

BELL, L. J. & DONNELLY, L. J., & GENSKE, D. D. 2002. The Impact of Subsidence: Some Less Usual Examples form Britain & Germany. 9th International Association of Engineering Geology (IAEG) Congress, Durban, South Africa, 16-20th September 2002.BELL F. G.,

DONNELLY, L. J., GENSKE, D. D. & OJEDA, J 2004. Unusual cases of mining subsidence from Great Britain, Germany & Colombia. Environmental Geology, 47, No. 5, April, 2005.
 

BELL, F. G. & FOX, R. M. 1988. Ground treatment & foundations above discontinuous rock masses affected by mining subsidence. Mining Engineer, 148, 278-283.
 

BISHOP, I., STYLES, P. & ALLEN, M. 1993. Mining-induced seismicity in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 26(4), 253-281.
 

BOARDMAN, E. L. & RIPON, J. H. 1997. Coalbed methane migration in & around fault zones. In GAYER, R. & PESEK, J. (eds) 1997. European Coal Geology & Technology Geological Society Special Publication, No. 125, 391- 408
 

BOYER, S. E. & Elliot, D. 1982. Thrust systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 66, 1196-
1230.
 

BOVIS, M. J. 1982. Uphill-facing (antislope) scarps in the Coast Mountains Southwest British Columbia. Geological Society of America, 93, 804-812.
 

BRIGGS, H. 1929. Mining Subsidence. Edward Arnold & Co., 215pp.
 

BROADHURST, F. M. & SIMPSON I. M. 1983. Syntectonic sedimentation, rigs, & fault reactivation in the Coal Measure of Britain. Journal of Geology, 91, 330-337.
 

BROWITT, C.W.A., BARKER, E.J., & KUSZNIR, N.J, 1981. Earthquake swarms in the Potteries, 1980-81. (abstract) Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65, 250.
 

BROWITT, C. W. A. & NEILSON, G. (1976). Preliminary report on the Lothian region earth tremors. Inst. Geol.
Sci. Global Seis. Unit Report No. 69, Edinburgh.
 

BROWITT, C. W. A. & NEILSON, G. 1981. Preliminary report on the 1980/1981 Wickersley earth tremors.
British Geological Survey, 146, Edinburgh.
 

BURGESS, P. M. & GAYER, R. A. 2000. Late Carboniferous tectonic subsidence in South Wales: implications for
Variscan basin evolution & tectonic history in SW Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, 157(1), 93-104.
 

CHISHOLM, J. I. 1977. Growth faulting & sandstone deposition in the Namurian of the Stanton Syncline,
Derbyshire. Proceedings of Yorkshire Geological. Society, 41, 305-323.
 

COBB, E. A., JONES, H. J. & SIDDLE H. J. 2000. The influence of mining on the Bolsover landslide. In: BROMHEAD, E., DIXON, N. & IBSEN, M. L. (eds). Landslides in research, theory & practise. ISSMGE and BGS 8th International Symposium on Landslides, 26-30 June, 2000, 287-292.
 

COLE, J. E., MILLIORIZOS, M., FRODSHAM, K., GAYNER, R. A., GILLESPIE, P. A., HARTLEY, A., J. & WHITE, S. C. 1991. Variscan structures in the opencast coal sites of the South Wales Coalfield. Proceedings of the Usser Society, 7, 375-379.
 

COLLIER, R. E. L. 1989. Tectonic evolution of the Northumberland Basin: the effects of renewed extension upon
and inverted extensional basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 146, 981-989.
 

COOK, N. G. W. (1976). Seismicity associated with mining. Engineering Geology, 10, 99-122.
 

CORFIELD, S. M. 1991. The Upper Palaeozoic to Mesozoic structural evolution of the North Staffordshire Coalfied
and Adjoining Areas. PhD thesis, University of Keele.
 

CORFIELD, S. M., GAWTHORPE, R. L., GAGE, M., FRASER, A. J. & BESLEY, B. M. 1996. Inversion
tectonics of the Variscan foreland of the British Isles. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 17-32.
 

COX, D. W. 1980. Modelling stochastic behaviour using the friction table with examples of cracked brickwork and
subsidence. Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Ground Movements & Structures, UWIST, Cardiff, 307-
328.
 

CRANS, W., MANDL, G. & HAREMBOURNE, J.1980. On the theory of growth faulting: a geomechanical delta
model based on gravity sliding. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2-3, 265-307.
 

CROOK, J. M. & MCNICHOLLS, D. P. 1977. The monitoring of ground movements due to deep coal mining and
their implications on large scale development proposals at Warrington New Town. Proceedings of 1st International
Conference on Large Ground Movements, UWIST, Cardiff, 527-544.
 

CULSHAW, M. G., MCCANN, D. M. & DONNELLY, L. J. 2000. Impacts of abandoned mine workings on aspects
of urban development. Transactions of the Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, 109, September-December 2000,
A131-A130.
 

DAUGHTON, G., NOAKE, J. S. & SIDDLE, H. J. 1977. Some hydrogeological aspects of hillslopes in South
Wales. Conference Rock Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne, 423-439.
 

DAVENPORT, C. A., RINGROSE, P. S., BECKER, A., HANCOCK, P. & FENTON, C. 1989. Geological
investigations of late & post glacial earthquakes activity in Scotland. In: GREGERSEN., S. & BASHAM, P. W.
(eds). Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics & Postglacial Rebound, 174-194.
 

DICKINSON, J. 1859. Subsidence to the surface caused by colliery workings. Transactions Manchester Geological
Society, 2.
 

DICKINSON, J. 1898. Subsidence due to colliery workings. Transaction Manchester Geological Society, 24.
 

DONNELLY L. J. 1994. Predicting the Reactivation of Geological Faults & Rock Mass Discontinuities during
Mineral Exploitation, Mining Subsidence & Geotechnical Engineering. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 1996a. UK National Fault Reactivation Register: A Proposal. British Geological Survey,
PN/96/2C.

 

DONNELLY L. J. 1996b. Fault Reactivation & Mining Subsidence Ground Deformation Investigations in the
Leicestershire Coalfield. British Geological Survey, WN/96/2.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 1997a. Mining Subsidence, Fault Reactivation & Ground Deformation in the Donetsk Coal
Basin, Ukraine (USSR). British Geological Survey, WN/97/17.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 1997b. Field Observations & Prediction of Mining Subsidence & Tectonic Ground
Deformation in the Amaga-Angelopolis Coal Basin, Colombia, South America. British Geological Survey, WN/97/29.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 1998a. Risk Assessment for Contaminated Land & Geological Hazards. British Geological
Survey, PN/98/1.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 1998b. Fault Reactivation & Ground Deformation Investigation, Easington Colliery, County
Durham. British Geological Survey, WN/98/9.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2000a. The Reactivation of Geological Faults during Mining Subsidence from 1859 to 2000 and
beyond. IMM Conference 2000. The Legacy of Mineral Extraction. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy, September-December 2000, A179-A190.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2000b. Fault Reactivation Induced by Mining in the East Midlands. Mercian Geologist, 15 (1),
29-36.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2000c. Mining Induced Geological Hazards, Geotechnical & Environmental Problems
Associated with the Decline of the British Coal Mining Industry. V Congresso Nacional de Ciencia y Technologia del
Carbon. Velledupar, Colombia, 29th Noviembre to 2nd Diciembre 2000.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2001. Landslide Investigations Using Earth Observation (Remote Sensing) & Landslide
Management in Great Britain. 3rd Panamerican Symposium on Landslides. International Society of Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering Issues. Colombian Geotechnical Society. Cartagena, Colombia, 29th July to 3rd August 2001.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2002a. The Manchester Earthquakes in 2002. In DUCKER, J. The City of Rock & Roll.
Manchester Evening News, 26 October 2002
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2002b. Ground Fissures at Eakring Road, Mansfield. International Mining Consultants Limited.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2004. Geological investigations at a high altitude remote mine on the Northwest Pakistan & Afghanistan frontier, Karakoram Himalaya. Elsevier, Engineering Geology, 60/2-4, 117-150.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. 2005. Fault reactivation in South Wales & the affects on ground stability. Urban Geology in
Wales 2, Chapter 13, 101-119.National Museum of Wales publication,
 

DONNELLY. L. J. 2006. A review of coal mining-induced fault reactivation in Great Britain. Quarterly Journal of
Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 39, 5-50.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., BELL, F. G. & CULSHAW, M. G. 2004. Some positive & negative aspects of mine
abandonment & their implications on infrastructure. European Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe. A
European Perspective. First European Regional IAEG Conference, Springer, 719-726, 4 to 6 May 2004 Liège, Belgium.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., DE LA CRUZ, H., ASMAR, I & ZAPATA, O. 2001a. The Monitoring & Prediction of
Mining Subsidence in the Amaga, Angelopolis, Venecia & Bolombolo Regions, Antioquia, Colombia. Engineering
Geology, 59, 103-114.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., DUMPLETON, S, CULSHAW, M. G, SHEDLOCK, S. L. & MCCANN, D. M. 1998a. The
Legacy of Abandoned Mining in the Urban Environment in the UK. Ground Engineering, July 1998, 29.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., DUMPLETON, S, CULSHAW, M. G, SHEDLOCK, S. L. & MCCANN, D. M. 1998b.The
Legacy of Abandoned Mining in the Urban Environment in the UK. Polluted & Marginal Land - 98, 5th International
Conference & Exhibition. Re-use of Contaminated Land & Landfills, Brunel University, 7-9 July 1998.
 

DONNELLY L. J. & MELTON N. D., 1995. Compression Ridges in the Subsidence Trough. Geotechnique, Journal
of the Institute of Civil Engineers, 45, 3, 555-560.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE K. J., & JERMY, C. A. 2000a. Fault Reactivation in the Vicinity of Landslides
in the South Wales Coalfield. In: BROMHEAD, E., DIXON, N. & IBSEN, M. L. (eds). Landslides in research,
theory & practise. ISSMGE & BGS 8th International Symposium on Landslides, 26-30 June, 2000, 481-486.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE, K. J & SIDDLE, H. J. 2000b. Lateral Spreading of Moorland in South
Wales. In SIDDLE, H. J., BROMHEAD, E. N. & BASSETT, M. G. (eds). Landslides & landslide management in
South Wales. National Museum & Galleries of Wales, Geological Series No. 18, Cardiff, June 2000, 43-48.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., NORTHMORE, K. J & SIDDLE, H. J. 2002. Block movements in the Pennines & South
Wales & their association with landslides. Geological Society of London, Symposium in Print, Quarterly Journal of
Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 35, part 1, February 2002, 33-39.
 

DONNELLY, L. J., PEREZ J. & DE LA CRUZ, H. 2001b. Operation Colombia: The Underground Mining
Industry in Colombia Prior to Rationalisation in Colombia’s Sinifana Coal Basin. World Coal, 21-27, April 2001.
 

DONNELLY L. J. & REDDISH D. J., 1993. The Development of Surface Steps During Mining Subsidence: Not
Due to Fault Reactivation. Engineering Geology, 36, 243-255.
 

DONNELLY, L. J. & REES J. 2001. Tectonic & Mining-induced Fault Reactivation around Barlaston on the
Midlands Microcraton. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 34, Part 2, May 2001, 195-214.
 

DONNELLY L. J., WHITTAKER B. N. & REDDISH D. J., 1993. Ground Deformation Mechanisms at Fault
Outcrops During Mining Subsidence: A Geological Perspective. Conference on Mine Subsidence in Urban and
Developed Areas, Rock Springs, Wyoming, USA, September 9-10, 1993.
 

EDWARDS, W. 1951. The concealed coalfield of Yorkshire & Nottinghamshire. Memoir of the Geological
Survey, Great Britain, HMSO, London.ELLIOTT, R. E. 1985. Quantification of peat to coal compaction stages, based especially on phenomena in the East
Pennine Coalfield, England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 45, 163-172.
 

ELLIOTT, R. E. 1969. Deltaic processes & episodes; the interpretation of productive Coal Measure occurring in
the East Midlands, Great Britain. Mercian Geologist, 3, 111-135.
 

ELLIOT, R. E. 1973. The Berry Hill-Rainworth tremor of 26th January 1973. Mercian Geologist, 5, No.1, 33-37.
 

ELLIOT, R. E., JONES, A. R.L. RIPON, J, H. 1984. Procedures in coal mining geology. National Coal Board,
Mining Department, London.
 

ENERGY COMMITTEE 1990. Sixth report on mining subsidence. House of Commons Report No. 287. HMSO,
London.
 

FITZPATRICK, D. J. 1987. Modelling of Mining Subsidence & Prediction of Ground Movements. PhD. Thesis,
University of Nottingham.
 

FRANCIS, E. H. 1991. Carboniferous. In: CRAIG, G. Y. (ed). Geology of Scotland. The Geological Society,
London, 347-392.
 

FRODSHAM, K., GAYNER, R. A., & JAMES, J. E. 1993. Variscan thrust deformation in the South Wales
Coalfield a case study from Ffos-Llas Opencast Coal Site. In GAYER, R. A., GREILING, R. O. & VOGEL, A. (eds)
The Rhenohercynian & Sub-Variscan Fold Belts. Erath Evolution Science Series. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 315-348.
 

GASKELL, P. 1989. A Study of Sub-Surface Strata Movement Associated with Longwall Mining. PhD. Thesis,
University of Nottingham.
 

GAYER, R., & JONES, J. 1989. The Variscan foreland in South Wales. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 7, 177-
179.
 

GAYER, R., ALLEN, K. ., BASSETT, M. G. & EDWARDS, D. 1973. The structure of the Taff Gorge area,
Glamorgan, & the stratigraphy of the Old Red Sandstone-Carboniferous Limestone transition. Geological Journal, 8,
345-375.
 

GAYER, R., HATHWAY, T. & DAVIS, J. 1995. Structural geological factors in open pit coal mine design, with
special reference to thrusting: case study from the Ffyndaff site in the South Wales Coalfield. In WHATLEY, M. G. K.
& SPEARS, D. A. (eds) 1995. European Coal Geology, Geological Society Special Publication No. 82, 233-249.
 

GIANLUCA, C & DONNELLY, L. J. 1988. Effects of mining subsidence in the South Wales Coalfield. Final
research report, University of Ferrara, Italy & British Geological Survey.
 

GILL, J. E. 1971. Continued confusion in the classification of faults. Bulletin Geological. Society America, 82, 5.
 

GOULTRY, N. R. 1998. Mining subsidence in the concealed coalfields of northeast England & their relation to
earlier & later structures. Proceeding Yorkshire Geological. Society, 36, part 1 (4), 61-90.
 

GOULTRY, N. R. & KRAGH R. M. 1989. Seismic delineation of fissures associated with mining subsidence at
Houghton-le-Spring, Co. Durham. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, 22, 185-193.
 

GUION, P. D. & FIELDING, C. R. 1988. Westphalian A & B sedimentation in the Pennine Basin, UK. In Vesley,
B. M. & Kelling, G. (eds). Sedimentation in a Synorogenic basin complex; the Upper Carboniferous of Northwest
Europe. Blackie, Glasgow, 153-177.
 

HALCROW, SIR WILLIAM & PARTNERS 1983. East Pentwyn Landslip. First report on geotechnical
investigations. Report for Gwent County Council.
 

HALCROW, SIR WILLIAM & PARTNERS 1985. East Pentwyn & Bournville Landslip Research Project. Report
for the Department of the Environment & the Welsh Office.
 

HALCROW, SIR WILLIAM & PARTNERS 1989. Landslides & Undermining, Research Project Landslide
Inventory. Joint project undertaken by Sir William Halcrow, Consultant Engineers & Nottingham University,
Department of Mining Engineering on behalf of the Department of the Environment.
 

HAMPSON, G. 1995. Discrimination of regionally extensive coals in Upper Carboniferous of the Pennine Basin,
UK using high resolution sequence stratigraphy concepts. In: WHATELEY, M. K. G. & SPEARS, D. A. (eds). 1995.
European Coal Geology, Geological Society Special Publication, No 82, 79-97.
 

HELLEWELL, E. G. 1988. The influence of faulting on ground movements due to coal mining. The UK and
European experience. Mining Engineer, 147, 334-337.
 

HELLEWELL, E. G. & PHILLIPS, K. A. S. 1988. Effects of surface faulting on mine subsidence. University of
Wales College, Cardiff. Extra-mural research report to the British Coal Corporation.
 

HUGHES, D. B & CLARKE, B. G. 2001. The River Aire slope failure at the St. Aidans Extension Opencast Coal
Site, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Canadian Journ. Geotech./Rev. Can. Geotech. 38(2): 339-259.
 

IMC CONSULTING ENGINEERS LTD 1999. Report on Earth Tremors at Ryhope for The Coal Authority, April
1999.
 

INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 1977. Ground Subsidence. The ICE, London, 99pp.
 

JAROSZEWSKI, W. 1984. Fault & Fold Tectonics. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK.
 

JONES, J. A. 1991. A mountain front model for the Variscan deformation of the South Wales coalfield. Journal of
the Geological Society, London, 148, 881-891.
 

JONES, J. 1991. A mountain front model for the Variscan deformation of the South Wales Coalfield. Journal of the
Geological Society, 148(5), 881-891.
 

JONES, J. A. 1989. The influences of contemporaneous tectonic activity on Westphalian sedimentation in the South
Wales Coalfield. In Aurthurton, R. S., Gutteridge, P. & Nolan S. C. (eds). The role of tectonics in Devonian and
Carboniferous sedimentation in the British Isles. Yorkshire Geological Society, Occasional Publication 6, 243-253.KAY, S. R. 1898. The effects of subsidence due to coal workings upon bridges & other structures. Institute of
Civil Engineers Mins. of Proc., CXXXV, 115-123.
 

KELLING, G. 1988. Silesian sedimentation & tectonics in the South Wales Basin: a brief review. In: BESLEY, B.
& KELLING, G. (eds) Sedimentation in a Syn-orogenic Basin Complex: the Upper Carboniferous of NW Europe.
Blackie, Glasgow, 38-42.
 

KENDALL, P. F. & BRIGGS, H. 1933. The formation of rock joints & the cleat of coal. Royal Soc. Edinburgh
Proceedings, 53, 167-187.
 

KING, H. J., WHITTAKER, B. N & SHADBOLT, C. H. 1974. Effects of mining subsidence on surface
structures. Mining & the environment. IMM, London, 617-642.
 

KIRK, M. 1982. A gravity slide in the Lower Coal Measures at Swallow Craig, near Kirkconnel, Dumfries and
Galloway. Scottish Journal of Geology, 19-8. Pt4, 317-322.
 

KNOTT, S. D. 1994. Fault zone thicknesses versus displacement in the Permo-Triassic sandstones of NW England.
Journal of the Geological Society of London, 151, 17-265.
 

KRATZSCH, H. 1983. Mining Subsidence Engineering. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 543.
 

KUJANSUU, R. 1964. Recent faults in Finnish Lapland. Geologi, 16, 30.
 

KUSZNIR, N. J., AL-SAIGH N. H. & ASHWIN, D. P. 1984. Induced seismicity generated by longwall coalmining
in the North Staffordshire Coalfield, UK. In: Gay, N. C.AND WAINWRIGHT, E. H. (eds). Proceedings of the first
International Congress on Rockbursts & Seismicty in Mines. South African Inst. Min. Metall. Symp. Series No. 6,
Johannesburg, 153-160.
 

KUSZNIR, N.J, ASHWIN, D.P. & BRADLEY, A.G., 1980a. Mining induced seismicity in the North Staffordshire
coalfield, England. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 17, 45-
55.
 

KUSZNIR, N.J., AL-SAIGH, N.H. & FARMER, I.W., 1982. Induced seismicity resulting from roof caving and
pillar failure in longwall mining. Symposium of Strata Mechanics University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Developments in
Geotechnical Engineering, 7-12, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
 

KUSZNIR, N.J, FARMER, I.W., ASHWIN, D.P. BRADLEY, A.G. & AL-SAIGH, N.H., 1980b. Observations and
mechanics of seismicity associated with coal mining in North Staffordshire, England. Proceedings of the 21st U.S. Rock
Mechanics Symposium, pp 163-171.
 

LAGERBACK, R. 1979. Neotectonic structure in northern Sweden. Geologi Foren, Stockholm Fourhand., 100(3),
263-668.
 

LANGLEY, K. M. 1976. Geochronological Investigations of Selected Sediments Faults & Waters in the British
Coal Measures. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield.
 

LANGLEY, K. M. 1981. Dating the time of movement of faults in the coal measures of the East Midlands. The
Mercian Geologist, 8, No.2, 133-142.
 

LAURY, R. L. 1971. Stream bank failures & rotational slumping: preservation & significance in the geological
record. Bulletin Geological Society America, 82, 1251-1266.
 

LEE, A. J. 1965. The effects of faulting on mining subsidence. Mining Engineer, 125, 735-745.
 

LEE, A. J.1966. The effects of faulting on mining subsidence. MSc. Thesis, University of Nottingham.
 

LEVITT, E. 1983. Subsidence, Prediction & Preventation. Colliery Guardian, 231, 411-415.
 

LLOYD, W. D. 1918. The effect of coal mining on the over-lying rocks & on the surface. Transactions Institute
Mining Engineers, LV11., 74-93.
 

LOVELL, J. H. FORD, G. D. HENNI, P. H. O. BAKER, C. SIMPSON, I. & PETTITT, W. 1996. Recent Seismicity
in the Stoke-on-Trent area, Staffordshire. British Geological Survey Technical Report, WL/96/20.
 

LOVELL, J.H., HENNI, P.H.O., FORD, G.D., BAKER, C., STIMPSON, I.G., & PETTITT, W., 1997. Recent
Seismicity in the Stoke-on-Trent area, Staffordshire. British Geological Survey Technical Report WL/97/27.
 

LUNDQVIST, J & LAGERBACK, R. 1976. The Parve Fault: A late glacial fault in the Precambrian of Swedish
Lapland. Geol. Foren. Forhand., 98, 45-51.
 

MARR, J. E. 1961.Subsidence observations in the South Lancashire Coalfield. Sheffield University Mining
Magazine, 24-35.
 

MASHKAUR, M. 1976. A Seismological Study of a Mining Area. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde.
 

McCANN, D. M., CULSHAW, M. G. & DONNELLY, L. J. 1999. Impact of Geological Processes on the Stability
of Structures. Structural Faults & Repairs 99. The Commonwealth Institute, Kensington, 13-15th July 1999, London.
 

McNAMARA, A. G., HASLEM, R. F. & HULL, J. 1985. Burtonwood St. Michael's Church underpinning.
Proceeding 6th Congress I.S.M. Conference Developing Science & Art of Minerals Surveying, Harrogate, 857-864.
 

MACBETH, C. D. & REDMAYNE, D. W. 1989. Source study of local coalfield events using the modal synthesis
of shear & surface waves. Geophys. J. Int., 99, 155-172.
 

MITCHELL, G. H. & STUBBLEFIELD, C. J. 1948. The Geology of the Leicestershire & South Derbyshire
Coalfield. Geological Survey GB, Wartime Pamphlet No. 22. 2nd ed.
 

MITCHINSON, M 2000. Analysis of joint structures in Houghton Cut, Houghton-le-Spring, Tyne & wear. BSc
dissertation, University of Sutherland.
 

MORNER, N. A. 1978. Faulting, fracturing & seismicity as functions of glacio-isostasy in Fennoscandia.
Geology, 6(1), 41-45.SHADBOLT, C. H. 1977. Mining subsidence-historical review & State-of-the-art. Proceeding Conference on
Large Ground Movements, UWIST, Cardiff, 705-748.
 

SHADBOLT, C. H. 1987. A study of the effects of geology on mining subsidence in the East Pennine Coalfields.
PhD. Thesis, University of Nottingham.
 

SHIRLEY, J. 1955. The disturbed strata on the Fox Earth Coal & its equivalent tin the East Pennine Coalfield.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 111, 265-282.
 

SIBSON, R. H. 1977. Fault rocks & fault mechanics. Journal Geological Society of London, 133, 191-214.
 

SULLIVAN, A. T. (1968). Study of forces on structures caused by ground movements. University of Newcastle
upon Tyne, Department of Mining Engineering. Final Report to the National Coal Board.
 

SOPER, N. J., WEBB, B. C. & WOODCOCK, N. H. 1987. Late Caledonian (Acadian) transgression in north-east
England: timing, geometry & geotectonic significance. Proceedings Yorkshire Geological Society, 46, 175-192.
 

SPINK, K. 1965. Coalfield geology of Leicestershire & South Derbyshire; the exposed coalfields. Trans. Leic. Lit
& Phil. Soc., 59, 41-98.
 

SPINK, K. & STRAUSS, B. G. 1964. The possibility of the existence of a concealed coalfield between the
Leicestershire & Derbyshire-Nottinghamshire Coalfields. Proceedings Geological Society London, 1617, 86-91.
 

SPINK, K. & STRAUSS, B. G. 1965. A possible coalfield east of Loughborough. Transactions Institution of Mining
Engineers, 124, 581-590.
 

STIMPSON, B. & WALTON, G. 1970. Clay mylonites in English Coal Measures. In: Proceedings of first
Congress, International Association of Engineering Geology, Paris, 1388-1393.
 

SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, P. C. & FORD, T. D. 1968. The geology of the East Midlands. Leicester University
Press.
 

THE COMMISSION ON ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT 1981. (Flowers Commission) Coal & the
Environment. HMSO, London.
 

THE REPORT OF THE SUBSIDENCE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE 1984. (Waddilove Report) The repair
and compensation for coal mining subsidence damage. HMSO, London.
 

THREET, R. L. 1973. Classification of translational fault slip. Bulletin. Geological. Society. America., 84, 5.
 

TROTTER, F. M. 1947. The structure of Coal Measures in the Pontardawe-Ammanford area, South Wales.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 103, 89-133.
 

VARNES, D. J. 1978. Slope movement types & processes. In Landslides: Analysis & Control. Special Report,
176, Transportation Research Board. Schuster, R. L. & Krizek, R. J. (Editors). (Washington DC: National Academy
of Science).
 

WATTERSON, J. 1986. Fault dimensions, displacements & growth. Pure & Applied Geophysics, 124, 365-373.
 

WALSH, J. J. & WATTERSON, J. 1988a. Analysis of the relationship between displacement & dimensions of
faults. Journal Structural Geoogy, 10, No. 3, 239-247.
 

WALSH, J. J. & WATTERSON, J. 1988a. Dips of normal faults in British Coal Measures & other sedimentary
sequences. Journal Geological. Society London, 145, 859-873.
 

WALSH, J. J. & WATTERSON, J. 1989. Displacement gradients on fault surfaces. Journal Structural Geology, 11,
No. 3, 307-316.
 

WALSH, J. J. & WATTERSON, J. 1990. New methods of fault projection for coalmine planning. Proceeding
Yorkshire. Geological Society, 48, 2, 209-219.
 

WALTON, G. & COATES, M. 1980. Some footwall failure modes in South Wales opencast workings. In:
GEDDES, J. D. L. (ed) Proceedings of second International Conference on Ground Movements & Structures, Cardiff,
1-17.
 

WATERS, C. N., GLOVER, B. W. & POWELL, J. H. 1994. Structural synthesis of South Staffordshire, UK:
implications for the Variscan evolution of the Pennine Basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 151, 697-713.
 

WESTBROOK, G.K., 1977. Investigations of earth tremors at Stoke-on-Trent. Instrumentation for Ground
Vibration & Earthquakes pp 76-82. Institution of Civil Engineers, London
 

WESTBROOK, G. K., KUSZNIR, N. J., BROWITT, C. W. A. & HOLDSWORTH, B. K. 1980. Seismicity induced
by coal mining in Stoke-on-Trent. Engineering Geology, 16, 225-241.
 

WHITTAKER, B. N., GASKELL, P. & FITZPATRICK, D. J. 1990. Sub-surface ground strain & fracture
development associated with longwall mining. Mining & Science Technology, 10, 71-80.
 

WHITTAKER, B. N. & REDDISH, D. J. 1989. Subsidence: Occurrence, Prediction & Control. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 528pp.
 

WIGHAM, D. 2000. Occurrence of mining-induced open fissures & shear walls in the Permian limestones of
County Durham. Transactions Institution Mining Metallurgy, Section A, Mining Technology, 109, A131-A244.
 

WILCOCKSON, W. H. & GOOSSENS, R. F. 1958. Geological research in the Yorkshire Coalfield over the past
one hundred years. Transaction Institution Mining Engineer, 117, 622-641.
 

WILDE, P. M. & CROOK, J. M. 1984. The significance of abnormal ground movements due to deep coal mining
and their effects on large scale surface developments at Warrington New Town. Proceedings Conference Ground
Movements & Structures, UWIST, Cardiff, 240-247.
 

WILLIAMS, G. D. & CHAPMAN, T. J. 1986. The Bristol-Mendip foreland thrust. Journal of the Geological
Society, 143(1), 63-73.WOODLAND, A. W. & EVANS, W. B. 1964. Geology of South Wales Coalfield. Part 4, Pontypridd & Maesteg,
3rd ed. Memoir, British Geological Survey.
 

YOUNG, B & CULSHAW, M. G. 2001. Fissuring & related ground movement’s n the Magnesian Limestone
and Coal Measures of the Houghton-le-Spring area, City of Sunderland. British Geological Survey, Technical Report
WA/01/04.

Fault Reactivation:  Fault Reactivation References @ Lyell Collection

Lyell Collection papers on fault reactivation from Engineering Group Special Publications and the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology.

IndexDiagnostic Characteristics | Geographic Occurrence | Investigation & Mitigation | Key Contacts & Expert Advice | Photo Gallery | Essential References & Further Reading


Engineering Group Working Party on Geological Hazards